Data_visualization_HW_2
Elena Marochkina
2024-11-18
Read and glimpse data
df <- readRDS("very_low_birthweight.RDS")
skimr::skim(df)| Name | df |
| Number of rows | 671 |
| Number of columns | 26 |
| _______________________ | |
| Column type frequency: | |
| factor | 7 |
| numeric | 19 |
| ________________________ | |
| Group variables | None |
Variable type: factor
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | ordered | n_unique | top_counts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| race | 25 | 0.96 | FALSE | 4 | bla: 369, whi: 257, nat: 16, ori: 4 |
| inout | 3 | 1.00 | FALSE | 2 | bor: 547, tra: 121 |
| delivery | 22 | 0.97 | FALSE | 2 | vag: 335, abd: 314 |
| pvh | 145 | 0.78 | FALSE | 3 | abs: 360, def: 125, pos: 41 |
| ivh | 144 | 0.79 | FALSE | 3 | abs: 442, def: 75, pos: 10 |
| ipe | 144 | 0.79 | FALSE | 3 | abs: 472, def: 38, pos: 17 |
| sex | 21 | 0.97 | FALSE | 2 | mal: 330, fem: 320 |
Variable type: numeric
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | mean | sd | p0 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p100 | hist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| birth | 21 | 0.97 | 84.75 | 1.60 | 81.51 | 83.52 | 84.90 | 86.07 | 87.48 | ▅▆▇▇▆ |
| exit | 31 | 0.95 | 84.84 | 1.79 | 68.53 | 83.58 | 84.96 | 86.17 | 96.87 | ▁▁▇▅▁ |
| hospstay | 31 | 0.95 | 40.36 | 304.84 | -6574.00 | 16.00 | 37.00 | 62.00 | 3668.00 | ▁▁▁▇▁ |
| lowph | 62 | 0.91 | 7.20 | 0.14 | 6.53 | 7.13 | 7.21 | 7.31 | 7.55 | ▁▁▃▇▂ |
| pltct | 70 | 0.90 | 201.62 | 80.55 | 16.00 | 143.00 | 202.00 | 252.00 | 571.00 | ▃▇▅▁▁ |
| bwt | 2 | 1.00 | 1093.89 | 265.22 | 400.00 | 900.00 | 1120.00 | 1310.00 | 1580.00 | ▂▅▆▇▅ |
| gest | 4 | 0.99 | 28.87 | 2.55 | 22.00 | 27.00 | 29.00 | 31.00 | 40.00 | ▂▇▆▁▁ |
| twn | 20 | 0.97 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▂ |
| lol | 381 | 0.43 | 8.44 | 19.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 9.00 | 192.00 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| magsulf | 247 | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| meth | 106 | 0.84 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▆ |
| toc | 106 | 0.84 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▂ |
| apg1 | 34 | 0.95 | 4.90 | 2.63 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 9.00 | ▅▆▆▇▇ |
| vent | 30 | 0.96 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ▆▁▁▁▇ |
| pneumo | 26 | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▂ |
| pda | 29 | 0.96 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▂ |
| cld | 66 | 0.90 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▃ |
| year | 21 | 0.97 | 84.76 | 1.60 | 81.51 | 83.52 | 84.91 | 86.07 | 87.48 | ▅▆▇▇▆ |
| dead | 0 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▂ |
Task 1
Download the very_low_birthweight.RDS dataset (in your homework folder). This is data on 671 very low birth weight (<1600 grams) infants collected at Duke University Medical Center by Dr. Michael O’Shea from 1981 to 1987. See the description of the variables here. The outcome variables are the ‘dead’ column and the time from birth to death or discharge (derived from ‘birth’ and ‘exit’. 7 patients were discharged before birth). Make a copy of the dataset, remove columns with more than 100 missing values, and then remove all rows with missing values.
df_copy <- df %>%
select(-lol, -magsulf, -pvh, -ivh, -ipe) %>%
filter(complete.cases(.))Task 2
Plot density function plots for numeric variables. Remove outliers if any. Transform categorical variables into factors. For any two numeric variables, color the plot by the variable ‘inout’.
# Define a robust remove_outliers function
remove_outliers <- function(x) {
mean_x <- mean(x, na.rm = TRUE)
sd_x <- sd(x, na.rm = TRUE)
x[x < (mean_x - 3 * sd_x) | x > (mean_x + 3 * sd_x)] <- NA
return(x)
}
# Apply outlier removal to numeric variables
numeric_vars <- sapply(df, is.numeric)
df <- df %>%
mutate(across(where(is.numeric), remove_outliers))
# Transform categorical variables into factors
df <- df %>%
mutate(across(where(is.character), as.factor))
# Plot density functions for numeric variables
numeric_cols <- names(df)[numeric_vars]
for (col in numeric_cols) {
p <- ggplot(df, aes_string(x = col)) +
geom_density(fill = "violet", alpha = 0.5) +
labs(title = paste("Density plot of", col), x = col, y = "Density") +
theme_minimal()
print(p)
}## Warning: `aes_string()` was deprecated in ggplot2 3.0.0.
## ℹ Please use tidy evaluation idioms with `aes()`.
## ℹ See also `vignette("ggplot2-in-packages")` for more information.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.## Warning: Removed 21 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
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## (`stat_density()`).
## Warning: Removed 21 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).
ggplot(df, aes_string(x = "birth", fill = "inout")) +
geom_density(alpha = 0.4) +
labs(title = "Density plot of birth", x = "birth", y = "Density") +
scale_fill_manual(values = brewer.pal(n = 4, name = "Set3")) +
theme_minimal()## Warning: Removed 21 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).
ggplot(df, aes_string(x = "lowph", fill = "inout")) +
geom_density(alpha = 0.4) +
labs(title ="Density plot of lowPH", x = "lowPH", y = "Density") +
scale_fill_manual(values = brewer.pal(n = 4, name = "Set3")) +
theme_minimal()## Warning: Removed 68 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).
Task 3
Conduct a test comparing the values of the ‘lowph’ column between groups in the inout variable. Determine the type of statistical test yourself. Visualize the result using the ‘rstatix’ library. How would you interpret the result if you knew that a lower lowph value was associated with lower survival?
# Perform the t-test
stat.test <- t_test(lowph ~ inout, data = df)
# Add the y.position and formate numbers
stat.test <- stat.test %>%
mutate(y.position = 8,
p = formatC(p, format = "f", digits = 7))
# Create the box plot
p <- ggboxplot(
df, x = "inout", y = "lowph")
# Add the p-value annotation
p + stat_pvalue_manual(stat.test, label = "T-test, p = {p}", y.position = 8) +
labs(title = "Comparison of LowPH Between Groups",
x = "In/Out Group",
y = "LowPH") +
theme_minimal()## Warning: Removed 68 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_boxplot()`).
A p-value of < 0.00001 indicates that we can reject the H0 that the mean lowpH between groups “born at Duke” and “transported” are the same. If a lower lowph is associated with worse survival the group with significantly lower lowph values “transported” group likely has a worse survival outcome.
Task 4
Make a new dataframe in which you leave only continuous or rank data, except for ‘birth’, ‘year’ and ‘exit’. Perform a correlation analysis of this data. Plot any two types of graphs to visualize the correlations.
df_new <- df %>%
select(where(is.numeric)) %>%
select(-birth, -year, -exit)
# Perform correlation analysis
correlation_matrix <- cor(df_new, use = "complete.obs")
# heatmap of the correlation matrix
ggcorrplot(correlation_matrix,
method = "circle",
type = "lower",
lab = TRUE,
lab_size = 2,
colors = c("blue", "white", "red"),
title = "Correlation Heatmap",
legend.title = "Correlation") +
theme_minimal() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
# Define the custom lower panel function
suppressWarnings({
# Define the custom lower panel function
lower <- function(data, mapping, method = "lm", ...) {
ggplot(data = data, mapping = mapping) +
geom_smooth(method = method, color = "blue", se = FALSE, ...)
}
# Generate the pair plot
p <- ggpairs(
df_new,
progress = FALSE,
lower = list(continuous = wrap(lower, method = "lm")),
upper = list(continuous = wrap("cor", size = 2))
) +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1))
})
# Print the plot outside of suppressWarnings to avoid suppressing critical messages
print(p)## Warning: Removed 33 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 68 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 81 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 88 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 72 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 72 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 33 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 68 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 72 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 2 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 36 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 70 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 73 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 7 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 24 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 6 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 34 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 69 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 72 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 24 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 386 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 20 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 391 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 410 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 405 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 386 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 388 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 386 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 386 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 426 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 386 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 256 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 279 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 274 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 247 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 249 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 247 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 426 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 247 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 304 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
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## Removed 251 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 280 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 247 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 111 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 141 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 146 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 107 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 412 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 304 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 107 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 113 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 114 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 109 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 110 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 146 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 106 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 111 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 141 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 147 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 107 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 413 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 305 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 107 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 113 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 114 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 109 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 110 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 146 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 106 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 47 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 78 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 82 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 34 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 38 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 35 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 391 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 258 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 113 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 113 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 34 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 43 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 38 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 41 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 79 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 34 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 43 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 73 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 78 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 30 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 34 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 31 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 394 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 254 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 114 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 114 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 43 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 30 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 31 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 34 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 67 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 30 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 39 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 69 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 73 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 26 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 30 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 27 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 389 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 250 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 109 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 109 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 38 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 31 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 26 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 29 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 68 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 26 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 42 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 69 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 73 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 29 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 33 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 30 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 391 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 251 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 110 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 110 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 41 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 34 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 29 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 29 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 71 rows containing missing values## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 29 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 77 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 108 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 108 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 66 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 70 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 67 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 411 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 280 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 146 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 146 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 79 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 67 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 68 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 71 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## Warning: Removed 66 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_density()`).## Warning in ggally_statistic(data = data, mapping = mapping, na.rm = na.rm, :
## Removed 66 rows containing missing values## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 33 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 68 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 72 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 386 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 247 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 106 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 34 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 30 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 26 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 29 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'## Warning: Removed 66 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
## (`stat_smooth()`).
Task 5
Build a hierarchical clustering on this dataframe.